Business Associations
Select one of the topics below to begin your study with our Business Associations materials.
Key topics of Business Associations
1. Outline and comparison of different types of business associations
- Sole proprietorship
- Partnership
- Registered company
2. Partnerships
- Nature of partnerships – their legal status, powers and characteristics
- Creation of partnerships
- Rights and duties of the partners inter se – rights and obligations arising in contract; fiduciary duties of partners
- Rights and duties of the partners vis-a-vis third parties – liabilities of partners to third parties in contract and tort; authority of partners to bind the partnership in transactions with third parties
- Introduction to dissolution
3. Formation of a company
- Incorporation and registration
- Problems relating to incorporation
- Types of companies
4. Nature of a company
- Separate corporate personality
- Limited liability doctrine – liability of members limited by shares or limited by guarantee
- Doctrines of piercing or lifting the corporate veil
5. Corporate constitution, authority and attribution
- Contractual effect of the company’s constitution
- Enforcement of the company’s constitution
- Ability of companies to alter the articles of association, and restrictions under the general law and the Companies Ordinance; enforceability of shareholder agreements to alter the articles
- Corporate liability
- Corporate capacity
- Corporate attribution
6. Membership
- Founder members
- Registration of members
- Membership in companies with share capital: issues and transfers of shares
- Rights of members
7. Management and control
- The board of directors
- The members’ general meeting
- Powers conferred by the Companies Ordinance
- Powers conferred by the articles of association
- Authority of directors to bind the company vis-a-vis third parties and agent authority and indoor management rule
- Scope of control of the board by the members in general meeting
8. Duties of directors
- Directors as fiduciaries
- Acting bona fide in the interests of the company
- Exercising powers for proper purposes
- Avoiding conflicts of interest – conflict rule, profit rule, misappropriation rule
- Acting with due care, skill and diligence – duties in equity and under the common law
- Forgiveness authorisation and enforcement
- Requirements of the Companies Ordinance
9. Shareholders and shareholder rights nad remedies | shareholders control over the runnign of the company
- Proper plaintiff and irregularity principles – rule in Foss v Harbottle
- Derivative actions on behalf of the company – fraud on the company exception to the proper plaintiff principle; the statutory derivative action
- Members’ personal rights of action under the general law; equitable restrictions on the powers of the majority in general meeting
- Statutory remedy in relation to unfairly prejudicial conduct
- Winding up on the just and equitable grounds
- Protection of class rights under the company's constitution and under the Companies Ordinance
- Statutory injunctions
10. Corporate insolvency and liquidation
- Types of winding up: compulsory winding up by the court and members’ or creditors’ voluntary winding up
- Insolvency and other grounds for winding up
- Effect of a winding up order
- Process of winding up
- Functions and powers of the liquidator (including but not limited to Transactions at an Undervalue (s265D of Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap. 32) (“CWUMPO”)), Unfair Preferences (s266 of CWUMPO) and Floating Charge (s267 of CWUMPO))
- Assets available for distribution; re-opening of antecedent transactions
- Distributions and priorities
- Dissolution
Note: The key points and topics listed above for this subject are based on the PECA website, which is the official website of the PCLL Conversion Examination Board.